Northwestern’s wireless micro-LED implant writes patterned light signals into cortex, showing optogenetics as a potential input channel and outlining what still blocks products.

The FDA has approved Flow Neuroscience’s FL-100, the first prescription at-home brain-stimulation device for major depressive disorder, bringing supervised tDCS into US clinical care.

Research reviewed in Nature Reviews Neuroscience shows light directly modulates attention, memory, and emotion via melanopsin retinal circuits, positioning illumination as an active input into human cognition rather than a passive background.

Neuromodulation is evolving fast. From non-invasive stimulation and ultrasound to implanted devices and genetic approaches, this guide maps the technologies reshaping brain treatment and enhancement.