Transfer learning
Applying data or models from prior sessions/users to improve BCI performance.
Brain-Computer Interface
Translational gap
The disconnect between promising research results and clinically deployable products.
General
Treatment course
The full series of neuromodulation sessions prescribed over weeks or months.
Neuromodulation
Treatment response
A clinically meaningful improvement in symptoms following an intervention, short of full remission.
Cognitive and Mental Health
Treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE)
Any adverse event appearing after treatment onset in trials.
General
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD)
Depression that has not responded adequately to at least one or more adequate antidepressant treatments.
Cognitive and Mental Health
Trigger signal
Electrical or digital pulse used to mark events or stimulus onsets in recorded data.
Tools and Infrastructure
Tuning curve
Relationship between a neuron's firing rate and a stimulus or movement variable, foundational for motor and sensory decoding.
Brain-Computer Interface
Usability testing
Evaluating how easy and intuitive a product is for users.
General
User adaptation
Behavioral or cognitive adjustments improving BCI performance over time.
Brain-Computer Interface
Utah array
A rigid grid of needle electrodes commonly used in intracortical BCIs.
Brain-Computer Interface
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve (cervical or auricular) to modulate brain and autonomic function.
Neuromodulation
Valence
The positive or negative quality of an emotional experience.
Cognitive and Mental Health
Validity (measurement)
The extent to which a measure captures what it is intended to measure.
Cognitive and Mental Health
Version control
Systems (e.g., git-based) for tracking changes to code, configuration, or documentation over time.
Tools and Infrastructure
Voice biomarker
Acoustic speech features that reflect cognitive, emotional, or neurological state.
Cognitive and Mental Health
Voxel
The smallest 3D unit of an image volume, analogous to a pixel in three dimensions.
Neuroimaging
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM)
A method for comparing regional gray matter volume or density across brains on a voxel-wise basis.
Neuroimaging
Wearable sensor
Body-worn device capturing physiological or behavioral data.
General
White matter hyperintensity
Bright lesions on certain MRI sequences, commonly associated with small vessel disease or aging.
Neuroimaging
Wireless neural telemetry
Systems transmitting neural data wirelessly from an implant to external hardware.
Brain-Computer Interface
Workflow orchestration
Tools that schedule, manage, and monitor multi-step data or analysis pipelines.
Tools and Infrastructure
Working memory
The ability to hold and manipulate information over short periods to guide behavior.
Cognitive and Mental Health
Z-score map
A statistical map that reflects how many standard deviations voxel activity deviates from a reference.
Neuroimaging
Z-scoring
Standardizing signals to zero mean and unit variance, common in neuroimaging and BCI preprocessing.
Tools and Infrastructure
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
