FDA pathway showing a device is substantially equivalent to an existing one.

Algorithms updating parameters as neural signals or user behavior drift.

Signal processing method that updates filter parameters in real time to suppress noise or artifacts.

Study protocol that adjusts based on interim data or patient response.

Dynamic adjustment of detection thresholds based on recent neural activity or noise levels.

Any undesirable experience associated with neuromodulation, from mild discomfort to serious complications.

The ability to manage and adjust emotional responses to internal or external demands.

Algorithm estimating emotional states from multimodal inputs such as voice, movement, or physiology.

A person’s momentary emotional condition, including mood and arousal.

Sustained neural activity following a stimulation pulse or train, sometimes indicating excessive excitation.

Difficulty identifying, describing, or distinguishing one’s own emotions.

The cumulative physiological burden from chronic stress and repeated adaptation demands.

Oscillations around 8–12 Hz, strongest over occipital regions at rest and often suppressed during visual or cognitive engagement.

Reduction in alpha-band power during attention, movement, or mental effort.

A neurodegenerative disorder and leading cause of dementia, characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline.

Gradual increase or decrease in stimulation amplitude to improve comfort or reduce side effects.

Component that converts continuous analog biosignals into discrete digital samples for processing.

Reduced ability to experience pleasure from activities that were previously rewarding.

A measure of directional dependence in diffusion signals, important in white matter imaging.

Software used to label signals, images, or text (e.g., marking seizures, artifacts, or symptom changes).

Positive-polarity current, for example used in tDCS to increase cortical excitability.

Irreversibly removing identifiers from data so individuals cannot reasonably be re-identified.

Low-pass filter applied before sampling to prevent higher-frequency content from folding into lower frequencies.

A group of conditions where excessive fear, worry, or avoidance is the primary symptom cluster.

Quantifies the magnitude of water diffusion

Defined interface that allows software components or services to exchange data and commands.

The level of physiological and psychological activation associated with an emotional state.

MRI technique that labels inflowing blood magnetically to quantify cerebral blood flow without contrast agents.

Time required for labeled blood to travel from labeling region to brain tissue in ASL imaging.

Automated workflow identifying noise sources such as eye blinks, motion, or muscle activity in biosignals.

Methods for detecting and removing noise sources like muscle activity, motion, or electrode shifts.

Algorithm that removes transient EEG artifacts by modeling clean subspaces.

Devices supporting individuals with disabilities to perform everyday tasks.

Patterns of relating to others formed early in life (e.g., secure, avoidant, anxious).

The set of processes that select and maintain focus on relevant information while filtering out distractions.

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity.

Tendency to preferentially notice certain types of information (e.g., threat cues).

Tamper-resistant record of key user actions and system events for traceability and compliance.

BCIs aimed at enhancing existing capabilities rather than restoring them.

A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication differences and restricted or repetitive behaviors.

The main static magnetic field in MRI that determines resonance frequency and signal strength.

The radiofrequency field in MRI responsible for exciting nuclear spins and generating usable signal.

Difficulty achieving usable BCI control despite training.

Users learning to modulate neural signals and adapt to the BCI paradigm.

Standard for organizing and sharing neuroimaging datasets.

Filtering that removes frequencies outside a targeted band, used in preprocessing.

Slow changes in neural signal amplitude that must be corrected for stable decoding performance.

Methods that adjust data to remove differences caused by acquisition sessions, devices, or sites.

A CBT-derived approach that increases engagement in meaningful, rewarding activities to counter depression.

A temperament marked by heightened sensitivity to novelty and withdrawal from unfamiliar situations.

A standardized dataset used to compare model or algorithm performance.

Oscillations roughly 13–30 Hz associated with motor control, sensorimotor processing, and some cognitive states.

Increase in beta-band power following movement, relevant for motor BCIs.

Techniques reducing systematic errors in data or models.

A system that decodes neural activity and delivers targeted stimulation or feedback into the nervous system.

The ability of implant materials to interact with tissue without harmful reactions.

Procedures ensuring materials interact safely with biological tissue.

Adjusting targets or parameters using measurable biological signals (e.g., EEG, LFPs, imaging metrics).

Device that boosts tiny electrical signals from sensors while filtering noise before digitization.

A stimulation pulse with current flowing in one direction then the opposite, often to reduce charge buildup.

A mood disorder marked by episodes of depression and mania or hypomania.

Concealing group assignment to reduce bias.

Experimental design that alternates blocks of task and control to identify sustained activation patterns.

The fMRI signal arising from changes in oxygenated vs deoxygenated hemoglobin.

A labeled map of brain regions used for parcellation and ROI definition.

The process of removing non-brain tissues (skull, scalp) from MRI images.

Lab-grown 3D neural tissue derived from stem cells that models aspects of human brain development and is increasingly used to study disease, neural circuits, and potential bio-hybrid computing.

A system that measures brain activity, translates it into digital signals, and uses those signals to control software or hardware without relying on muscles.

Systems linking brain signals to spinal stimulation to restore movement after injury.

FDA program accelerating development of novel technologies addressing unmet needs.

A state of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced sense of accomplishment related to chronic stress, typically at work.

Episodes of rapid neural firing that may encode control-relevant information.

Stimulation delivered as groups (bursts) of pulses, often used in spinal cord or DBS paradigms.

A certification indicating that a medical device meets EU safety, health, and performance requirements and can be legally marketed within the European Economic Area.

High-speed storage used to accelerate repeated queries or computations in neurotech platforms.

A labeled dataset collected specifically to tune models or decoding algorithms before deployment.

Structured recordings used to train or update decoding models.

Synchronizing image acquisition with cardiac cycles to reduce motion artifacts.

Negative-polarity current, for example in tDCS to reduce cortical excitability.

Loss or degradation of data from specific electrode channels over time.

Configuration file describing how sensor or electrode channels are arranged and referenced.

The amount of electrical charge delivered per unit area of an electrode, relevant for safety limits.

Modulating neural circuits using engineered receptors activated by designer drugs.

Prolonged or repeated exposure to stressors, often linked to health and mental health problems.

Software that provides patient-specific assessments or recommendations to assist clinical decision-making.

A predefined outcome (e.g., remission, response) used to judge whether a treatment works.

The full process of moving a technology from research through trials, regulation, and deployment.

A structured study evaluating safety or efficacy of an intervention.

The extent to which a test or device improves clinical outcomes or decision-making.

A symptom or functioning measure scored by a trained clinician using structured criteria.

Measurement qualities including sensitivity, reliability, validity, and responsiveness.

A BCI that both reads neural signals and automatically adjusts its output or stimulation in real time based on the user’s brain or behavior.

Algorithms adjusting outputs using both neural signals and performance feedback.

The maximum allowed time for sensing, decoding, and actuation in real-time BCI loops.

Stimulation that is adjusted in real time based on sensed neural signals, physiology, or behavior.

Minimum sensed signal level required to trigger adaptive or responsive stimulation.

Any system that senses activity and adjusts output automatically.

On-demand access to remote compute, storage, and services used to scale neurotech workloads.

Scalable system performing large-model inference in real time.

Correcting for multiple comparisons based on the size or extent of spatially contiguous clusters.