fMRI acquired while subjects are not performing a task, used to study intrinsic connectivity.

A set of brain regions showing coherent activity at rest, such as sensory, attention, or default networks.

fMRI technique used to map visual field representations onto cortical surfaces.

Evaluating potential benefits relative to risks for a device or intervention.

System for assigning permissions based on user roles (e.g., admin, clinician, analyst).

Repetitive, passive focus on negative thoughts or problems rather than active problem-solving.

Stimulation of sacral nerves for bladder, bowel, or pelvic floor dysfunction.

A personalized, practical plan listing steps and supports to use during a mental health crisis.

A piece of information suggesting a new or changed risk associated with a medical product that may warrant further investigation.

Number of signal samples captured per second, usually measured in Hertz (Hz).

A psychotic disorder involving hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and cognitive and social impairment.

A brief measure used to identify individuals at elevated risk for a condition.

Measures to strengthen systems against cyberattacks.

Connectivity method that correlates activity in a predefined “seed” region with the rest of the brain.

The possibility of inducing seizures, generally low with guideline-compliant TMS protocols.

The ability to prioritize specific stimuli while ignoring others.

BCIs where users freely decide when to issue commands, without fixed trial structures.

BCIs placing electrodes under the skull but on the brain surface (e.g., ECoG).

A measure’s ability to detect meaningful changes over time, such as treatment effects.

Oscillatory EEG activity modulated through imagined movement for BCI control.

A BCI that provides tactile, proprioceptive, or other sensory signals back to the user via stimulation or haptics.

The lowest stimulation intensity at which a person perceives the stimulus.

A single treatment visit in which neuromodulation is delivered according to a protocol.

Placebo-like comparator designed to mimic an active intervention.

A control condition designed to mimic the experience of stimulation without delivering an active dose.

Clinical trial in which an inactive sham intervention is used as a comparator to control for placebo and expectation effects.

Combined human–AI decision-making for safer or more efficient control.

Slow, non-event-related changes in signal amplitude or baseline over time.

The ratio of true signal amplitude to background noise, influencing image and data quality.

The ratio of neural signal strength to noise amplitude, affecting decoding quality.

A device posing substantial risk in clinical studies, requiring IDE approval.

Nuclear imaging method using gamma-emitting tracers to assess perfusion or receptor binding.

Action potentials recorded from an individual neuron.

Phasic changes in electrodermal activity associated with discrete emotional or cognitive events.

Utah-style array with varying electrode lengths to target layered cortical structures.

The structure of sleep across stages (e.g., NREM, REM) and cycles over the night.

Aligning the acquisition timing of different slices in a volume to a common reference.

High-amplitude, low-frequency activity in the delta range observed especially during deep NREM sleep.

Blurring images with a kernel to increase SNR and accommodate anatomical variability.

Mental processes involved in understanding others’ emotions, intentions, and beliefs.

Software intended for medical purposes that performs those functions without being part of a hardware medical device.

Library and tools provided by a platform or device vendor to build custom applications.

Neuromodulation using ultrasound-sensitive molecules to control neural activity.

Warping individual brains into a standard template space to enable group analysis.

The smallest feature size that an imaging system can reliably distinguish in space.

Systems that reconstruct speech or text from neural signals in language-related areas.

Algorithms that separate neural spikes from individual neurons within multi-unit recordings.

Plasticity rule where timing between pre- and postsynaptic spikes determines synaptic strengthening or weakening.

A neural network model that uses time-dependent spikes rather than continuous activations, aligning more closely with biological neurons.

Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord to modulate pain pathways or motor circuits.

Written, step-by-step instructions for performing recurring technical or clinical tasks.

A semi-quantitative PET measure of radiotracer concentration normalized for dose and body metrics.

Neuromodulation whose effects depend on the ongoing brain or behavioral state at the time of stimulation.

A rhythmic brain response to flickering visual stimuli enabling high-speed selections.

Care model that starts with lower-intensity interventions and escalates to more intensive treatments based on response.

An invasive recording technique in which depth electrodes are implanted into specific brain regions to map epileptic networks or study neural activity with high spatial resolution.

A standardized 3D coordinate system used to locate brain structures across individuals.

The current or voltage level used during neuromodulation, usually set within a safety window.

Number of pulses or cycles delivered per second, typically measured in Hertz (Hz).

The temporal shape of the stimulation signal (e.g., monophasic, biphasic, sinusoidal).

Tools that display visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli with precise timing (e.g., for tasks or paradigms).

A physiological and psychological response to perceived demands or threats exceeding one’s resources.

The pattern of physical connections between brain regions, often inferred from tractography.

Mapping of anatomical brain networks using tractography or structural imaging.

Imaging methods that capture brain anatomy, such as MRI or CT, rather than moment-to-moment activity.

Thoughts about ending one’s life, ranging from passive wishes to active plans.

A biomarker or intermediate outcome used as a substitute for a direct clinical endpoint in trials.

Distortions or signal loss in MRI caused by differences in magnetic susceptibility (e.g., air–tissue boundaries).

MRI sequence sensitive to magnetic susceptibility differences such as iron or hemorrhage.

The capacity to maintain focus on a task or stimulus over time.

A set of symptoms that commonly co-occur and may reflect a shared underlying process.

The intensity or frequency of a given symptom or symptom cluster.

Activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength, often engaged by repeated stimulation.

Artificially generated data used for model development or privacy protection.

Field studying how neural circuits interact to produce cognition and behavior.

An MRI contrast setting that highlights anatomical detail and gray-white matter boundaries.

An MRI contrast setting that is sensitive to fluid and pathology, often used to detect lesions or edema.

Evidence that stimulation is modulating the intended neural circuits or biomarkers.

The process of identifying and aligning stimulation hardware with the intended anatomical or functional target.

fMRI collected while subjects perform cognitive, sensory, or motor tasks to map task-related activity.

A standardized scale assessing how mature and validated a technology is, from concept to deployment.

Automatically collected metrics and logs that describe system performance and usage in the field.

Encoding information in the timing of neural spikes rather than average firing rate.

How precisely an imaging method can track changes over time (e.g., milliseconds vs seconds).

The ability to infer other people’s mental states, such as beliefs and desires.

Oscillations roughly in the 4–8 Hz range, often linked to drowsiness, memory, and frontal midline control signals.

A patterned rTMS protocol using bursts at theta frequency, often with shorter treatment times.

Database optimized for storing and querying sequential data indexed by time.

Gradual adjustment of intensity or parameters to find the best balance of efficacy and tolerability.

3D reconstruction of white matter pathways derived from diffusion imaging.

Computational reconstruction of white matter pathways from diffusion MRI data.

A stable tendency to perceive situations as threatening and respond with elevated anxiety.

Ultrasound technique measuring cerebral blood flow velocity through intracranial vessels.

Alternating current applied via scalp electrodes to interact with ongoing brain rhythms.

Low-intensity direct current applied via scalp electrodes to modulate cortical excitability.

Delivery of focused ultrasound through the skull to modulate brain activity.

Non-invasive neuromodulation using rapidly changing magnetic fields to induce currents in cortical tissue.

Scalp-applied alternating current with randomly varying frequencies and phases.

Referring to mechanisms or interventions that cut across traditional diagnostic categories.

Information-theoretic measure estimating directed interactions between neural signals.